Everyday critical pedagogies do exist
I posted this reply to a comment on my original blog - but also here - partly as I got confused between the two (I'm not very "tech savvy") and also because I think it makes for a new blog entry.
Hi Tim,
I know that critical pedagogy often gets critiqued for such but I certainly don’t have any quasi-messianic-utopian expectations about its potential to usher in the ultimate society. I think I’ll leave that to the religious and political cults or sects. In fact, I think these sort of messianic fantasies are actually quite dangerous and patronizing for a whole bunch of reasons.
Even if such sudden radical change was to occur, I think that building a truly sustainable transformation (say, from capitalism to some other social system) would require what Raymond Williams referred to as the “long revolution.” In the meantime, I think this stuff is more of a diverse, messy and long-term process, than what is presented in some over-determined or rhetorical accounts. So, I guess, when I look around for evidence of the effectiveness of critical pedagogy, I see plenty of inspiring examples. Certainly, I can find examples of critical pedagogy/popular education as a ‘material force’ in the community sector, and not just based on my brief experience as an activist with the Bus Riders Union in Los Angeles (despite Pinar's cynicism). As Houston (in press) puts it, everyday, countless individuals and collectives engage and enact grassroots or critical pedagogies that transform and remake places (this is in relation to her work with anti-nuclear activists in Nevada).
But even in more formal institutional contexts such as schools – I wouldn’t want to devalue the invaluable work of researchers, teachers and community activists working within this tradition, which often goes unrecognized as such. For example, check out the following, which discusses the work of the Coalition for Educational Justice in Los Angeles (which was active when I was living in the city) http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/16_03/Anti163.shtml. If you go to the story at the link, it will also take you to Rethinking Schools, which is a small non-profit organization begun by a group of teachers in the United States. This is also an invaluable source of alternative information and resources for teachers, students, administrators, and researchers (http://www.rethinkingschools.org/). You might also be interested in the following, The Center for Urban Pedagogy in New York (http://www.anothercupdevelopment.org/). Despite being presently located in Australia, I’ve used the Rethinking Schools site as a resource even in my own teaching with pre-service primary students on the Gold Coast and here in Sydney, e.g, Sweatshop math (my background is actually adult education but I enjoy teaching sociology of education type courses).
At the same time, it’s true that critical pedagogy has been critiqued by elements on both the right and the left for failing to account for its implementation in real-world contexts (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 2008). As Abby (2003) points out, the danger of this is that it can provide justification for a conservative “what works” discourse, but it can also lead to feelings of pessimism, despair and disillusionment about the possibility of enacting transformative praxis. I think part of the problem here is also the danger of reporting it – as you may put practitioners at risk. However, the point I’d like to make is that examples do exist of critical pedagogy’s intervention in K-12 classrooms through the use of “unauthorised methods” (Kincheloe & Steinberg, 1998) or curricula strategies (role playing, storytelling, discussion, project work) that empower students to explore the consequences of white privilege and racism (Austin & Hickey, 2008) and issues to do with child labor and globalization (Bigelow, 1990, 2002). Some of my former students (individually and with the support of others) are doing amazing work both inside and outside schools right now around issues to do with racism, etc (For anyone interested, the following is a good starting point for teachers interested in tackling racism in Australia schools http://www.racismnoway.com.au/). I’m not saying that its without its challenges or difficulties (I’m not that familiar with Ballarat – except – of course - the Eureka Stockade). But nor is it without its joys or rewards. However, a number of articles and books exist that offer “practical suggestions” and insights for the implementation of critical pedagogy (Stevenson, 2008, p. 356), particularly within the context of urban schools (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 2008), the university classroom (Wink, 2005) and community adult education (Newman, 2006). Finally, Freirean pedagogy has also empowered individuals and collectives through participatory action research.
Again, this is not to discount the challenges and limitations of certain approaches, nor the importance of looking outside of formal spaces for support or other opportunities. That is where my work is heading at the moment (and hopefully that will re-enchant my work in those more formal spaces of the classroom!) – but I think any number of places exist to get started. And, as Freire (1970/1993) argued, critical pedagogy must be “made and remade” (p. 30) – so as a process it is always evolving in response to the unique social and historical potentialities of different place-based contexts. So, yes, I think it is perhaps “easier” in some senses to do this stuff in community contexts because community groups often have a clearer picture of their work as “activist” (although it hasn’t always felt easy when dealing with the racism internal to organisations struggling to bridge gaps between different groups). I think that perhaps in relation to schools, critical pedagogy doesn’t always have to be presented as activism or an all-encompassing singular endeavour. Community groups often engage creatively with social learning (new media, gardening, storytelling etc) and this is what I think can provide the generative and material contexts for transformation in educational settings.
Finally, I also think its important to celebrate these everyday efforts (and not just the work of a few peak or “important” figures in the lineage of critical pedagogy) and achievements (however modest) and acknowledge whose shoulders we stand. But maybe my aspirations are more modest than others or I just don’t set the bar high enough?
I probably haven’t covered everything here (and I certainly don’t have all the “answers” – I’m still working stuff out!) but…gotta get to that next meeting!
References
Abbey, N. (2003, May 9). Pedagogy the key issue in education: A discussion paper parts one and two. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www.welshpoolps.vic.edu.au/lci_cluster/Discussion_Paper.doc
Austin, J. & Hickey, A. (2008). Critical pedagogical practice through cultural studies. International Journal of the Humanities, 6(1), pp.133-140.
Bigelow, W. (1990). Inside the classroom: social vision and critical pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 91, 437-448.
Bigelow, W., & Peterson, B. (2002). Rethinking globalization: teaching for justice in an unjust world. Wisconsin: Rethinking Schools Press.
Duncan-Andrade, J. & Morrell, E. (2008). The art of critical pedagogy: possibilities for moving from theory to practice in urban schools. New York: Peter Lang.
Hattam, R., Brennan, M., Zipin, L., & Comber, B. (2009). Researching for social justice: contextual, conceptual and methodological challenges. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 30(3), 303-316.
Houston, D. (in press). Grounds upon which to act: Pedagogy, place-making and collective histories of praxis. In S. Macrine, P. McLaren & D. Hill (Eds.), Critical pedagogy: in search of democracy, liberation and socialism. London: Routledge.
Kincheloe, J., & Steinberg, S. (Eds.) (1998). Unauthorized methods:strategies for critical teaching. New York: Routledge.
McInerney, P., (2007). From naïve optimism to robust hope: sustaining a commitment to social justice in schools and teacher education in neoliberal times. Asia Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 35(3) 257-272.
Nekhwevha, F. (2002). The influence of Freire’s “Pedagogy of Knowing” on the South African education struggle in the 1970s and 1980s. In P. Kallaway (Ed.), The history of education under apartheid, 1948-1994: the doors of learning and culture shall be opened (pp. 133-134). Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
Newman, M. (2006). Teaching defiance: stories and strategies for activist educators. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pinar, W. (2009). The unaddressed “I” of ideology critique. Power and Education, 1(2), 189-200.
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Let me just riff offa this sentence tonight:
"...but I certainly don’t have any quasi-messianic-utopian expectations about its potential to usher in the ultimate society."
Well, I guess I do, so I'll expound upon my thinking/vision about/for the movement - and I do believe critical pedagogy is a movement and not a study.
I must start from a personal stance: I am an immature teacher in the primary because my nature dictates that when I learn new things, I must share them with others. I am an immature teacher because I am in constant pursuit of people with whom I can intellectually "jam" with. I am an immature teacher because I love learning from others and from the written word. I am an immature teacher because I love watching people have "lightbulb moments".
These predispositions lead me to now want to become a more mature teacher - one who is sought out by students and colleges, rather than one who is is in endless pursuit of them. So this requires a critical transformation of the self. Others must perceive in me a core of authenticity that is neither hypocritical nor desperate. And hence the slow-down of my project. Students must be drawn in to my space: there is no other way, I'm persuaded, that learning will take place within the space I've created. My sign is up and now it is time for authentic, one-to-one outreach...and "drawing people in" through fliers and advertisements will not be the means to my end. It will be the force of my person that attracts people, and not in an egotistic way at all - in fact, it can only come through genuine, meaningful meetings with interesting people who I meet on my daily happenings. It is only through loving contact with others that my space will become to be used. I'm through forcing things. Force and desperation will only and ever produce counterwill (rebellion). So I step back.
As for our movement, let me explain my vision. First to remark is that I do believe entirely that we have set our correct founder as Paulo Friere as he was the first to articulate an ongoing tradition into academic terms. We as a discipline must never forget that Friere was not borne by Academia, but was elevated to the ranks of Academia through precise articulation of his ideas and experiences, that have a universal application. That is his true brilliance. He began, as most of us do, teaching because he could not do otherwise. He was an "everyday pedagogue" who could write academiclly and was then read by other academics. But what he was doing, others have been doing with through the ages. He was the firt to articulate it academically.
Thus, as a discipline, our next order of business to my mind, is to collect and catalog as many of the histories of pre-articulated critical pedagogues as we can find - from the underground instruction of slaves to the pedagogues of the collectivity movements, just for quick examples. They abound, and if we are to be a true movement, we must collect these stories of "every-day heroes" as to inspire new generations through written demonstration and example.
Secondly, we must, as a discipline, differentiate between schooling and education. This is crucial. They are two separate and unequal movements with two separate and polar aims. At this juncture, mostly academia is speaking for the newly articulated tradition. But if we are to respect our founder (and no, I don't mean that we are all to become 'Freireians', but rather that if he should be understood as our founder, then we should respect his discourse and history and refer to it as an ongoing point of reference - he was a long-term visionary), then we must also embrace the popular educational movements that are taking place outside formalized governmental institutions. Yes, critical pedagogues can and do exist within schools, but as we are embedded in them, we must know the history of the schools to fully understand the system(s) within we are entrenched in order to be our most effective.
Elite movements and thinking of the planet are well documented. We, in my opinion, must also document and collect the history of our largely oral and ephemeral movement so that other "natural pedagogues" who are in search of "the others like them" may feel welcomed and embraced by our movement so that they may be further energized to continue the work on the ground -- It's as old as any struggle. It is good that it has made it to the ranks of academia, yet it is not the property of academia. I think it would well serve us to use undergraduate and graduate students to gather the histories of popular educational movements in the spirit that one is indebted to the other; that one could not exist without the other.
It is in a spirit of inclusiveness and solidarity that I see this movement taking a more inclusive and formalized shape: Those within and outside the schools invigorating and galvanizing one another.
We must create our history now; time is a-wastin'! We must create it now, so that if we are suppressed, our literature and history will live on.
Am I full of it??? Comment???
Maggie; great response
Hi Maggie,
A very inspiring and considered response to Greg's fantastic reply to my questions. A couple of points you raise.
Firstly, that the critical pedagogue needs to be able to draw people in, 'the force of my person that attracts people" is I think critical. It goes beyond mere personality (though that is important) and is about passion. When you think about Shirley and Joe, they are two very passionate, loving, caring people who inspire, hence the success of their academic work and this website.
Secondly, you state the need to "embrace the popular educational movements that are taking place outside formalized governmental institutions". Amen to that. I think this is just as important as telling the stories of the formalised institutions (schools) that are embracing critical pedagogy. I think often the critical pedagogy evident in other areas of the community often are more influential in challenging the status quo, or being given a chance to be heard and considered than what happens in schools. Schools are important, of course, but as you said let's not forget other areas. This is something that Greg supports too (based on his comments), and has been actively involved in as he mentioned (LA Bus Riders Union for example).
Finally, I would add that not only do we need to publish the range of 'stories' related to critical pedagogy, but if possible publish through different avenues. Academic journal and book publishing is important to highlight and legitimate our research in the academy, but we also need to reach out to the masses in appropriate mediums and avenues more suited to the masses.
Thanks again for your post Maggie, it was inspiring!
Tim
Publishing
Hi Tim, good point, couldn't agree with you more, which, of course, the current research assessment exercise within Australian higher education (with its narrow definition of "excellence") tends to discourage, G.
I'm also on board with this! (Publishing idea)
I don't get it - we control the printing press now right? And newspapers are shutting down left-and-right, leaving a HUGE gap, right? How easy would it be to get a group of people together, mine literary and graphic content off the internet, put together a publisher or pdf printout and shop it around by e-mail to your friends all over the city/nation/world for each to print and distribute as they see fit??? Piece of cake! Additionally, give the people something they want to read, and literacy rates might - just might - go up! I am behind this simple idea 100%. During the 60's in the States, the streets were innondated with literature - in one case literature was even dropped into Alcatraz (I think?!?!) by plane. The streets are baren these days, and there's no good reason for it as far as I can see...I would LOVE for someone with a penchant for publishing to walk through my door lemme tell ya! Great thoughts here!!!
Thanks Tim -
Now re-reading this morning, I'm not persuaded it's one of my favorites, but that's the beauty of blogs, init? I do want to clarify a couple points: Firstly, I don't think that critical pedagogy will usher in the ultimate society either, but I do think it has an important role to fill. It seems important for me to say this.
Secondly, my whole business about "drawing people in" or however stupidly I worded it last night, isn't about charisma and passion yadda yadda. People are drawn to their teachers in real-world settings. Lord knows I am. I'm trying to work out this idea that simply put, is about living a life of integrity and seeing who comes your way. See, I've got this space I created, and I think for the moment I'm just happy having it for myself. My son and I spend time doodling on the whiteboard, I like watching my library grow again after it was decimated, I like to have a place to do my arts and crafts or sew if I want. And I have a sign in the window telling people to stop in whenever I'm using the space. I think it's enough right now. Lord knows I like everyone else, and perhaps a bit more-so being a single mom, have all I can do to keep a roof over my head in these shitty, shitty economies we live in. I'm on the grind most of the time like everybody else, and trying to whip up some hair-brained, last-minute "passionate" scheme isn't going to bring any kind of lasting growth or success to my effort, I just feel it in meh bones.
Although I feel a sense of great urgency when it comes to critical dialogue, I am also bound by many constraints, the biggest one being that any perception of haste or forceful announcement in the community with totally turn people against me and undermine my efforts - "Who does she think she is?" kinda thing. An old Bill Withers song springs to mind, "Take it all in" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5970KJdHDE Hey, it's taken me 3 years to create the space, I itend to raise my son here for as long as I can afford to, so what's the rush? There is none, really.
So, for right now I'm just getting out in the community, linking up with other progressive efforts around and talking to people. So far, people have been receptive to my ideas, and I've even managed to turn a few of my neighbors onto some books. A new woman moved in down the street yesterday and I introduced myself, "Well I'm Maggie - I live in the place down there with the sign in the front window. You know how sometimes yu get an idea and have no one to share it with? Well now you do, welcome to the neighborhood!"
Anyway, thanks again Tim - it was really nice to have a speedy response to my hair-brained ideas!
Maggie